Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have long been a concern due to their persistence in the environment and potential harm to ecosystems and human health. In the Indus River catchment area of Pakistan, studies have focused on assessing the status of these pollutants, particularly their interaction with the soil and air. The soil-air exchange plays a crucial role in the movement of OCPs, influencing their distribution in the environment. This exchange is impacted by factors such as temperature and organic matter in the soil, which can either release or absorb these harmful chemicals.

Another critical factor in the distribution of OCPs is the presence of black carbon, which can bind to these pesticides, altering their mobility and persistence. Black carbon, produced through incomplete combustion, adds complexity to understanding how OCPs behave in the environment. The findings from this research underscore the need for more focused efforts to mitigate the impacts of these pollutants.